Wasp Guide

Wasps

Vespidae (Family)

Wasps are stinging insects known for their aggressive defense of nests. Wasps near homes pose a significant sting risk, especially for those with allergies.

Paper wasp on its distinctive umbrella-shaped nest
Explore 40 species of wasps Jump to species list

Wasp Identification Guide

Physical Characteristics

Wasps have slender bodies with a narrow “waist” between the chest and belly. They have smooth, shiny bodies unlike fuzzy bees. Wasps have two pairs of wings and strong jaws. Most have black and yellow or black and white colors. Their long legs hang down when they fly.

Common Species

  • Paper Wasps: Brownish wasps with long legs. They build open, umbrella-shaped nests under eaves and overhangs.

  • Yellowjackets: Aggressive black and yellow wasps that nest in the ground or wall voids. Common at outdoor gatherings.

  • Bald-Faced Hornets: Large black and white wasps. They build large, enclosed paper nests in trees and on structures.

  • European Hornets: Large brown and yellow hornets that nest in hollow trees or wall voids. Active at night.

Wasp Behavior and Biology

Wasps are social insects that build new colonies each year. In spring, a queen starts a new nest and raises the first workers. Colonies grow all summer and can reach thousands of wasps. The colony dies each winter. Only mated queens live through winter to start new nests in spring. Wasps hunt other bugs to feed their young.

How We Treat for Wasps

Effective wasp control requires professional expertise:

  • Identification and Assessment: We identify the species and locate all nests. Different species require different approaches. Some nests may be hidden in wall voids or underground.

  • Treatment: We apply products directly to nests. We treat in early morning or evening when wasps are less active. For ground nests, we treat the entry and exit points. For nests high up, we use special tools to reach and treat them.

  • Removal: Once the colony is eliminated, we remove accessible nests. This prevents other pests from using them and discourages new wasp activity.

  • Prevention: We can treat common nesting areas to deter future wasp activity. We also advise on changes to reduce attractants around your home.

Types of Wasps

Click on any species below to learn more about identification, behavior, and control methods.

Side view of an aerial yellowjacket showing distinctive black and yellow striped pattern on abdomen and thorax

Aerial Yellowjackets

Dolichovespula arenaria

Aggressive stinging insects that build distinctive paper nests in trees, shrubs, and on buildings rather than underground.

View identification guide
Bald-faced hornet showing distinctive black and white coloring and robust body

Bald-Faced Hornets

Dolichovespula maculata

Bald-faced hornets are large, aggressive black and white wasps known for building large, enclosed paper nests in trees and on structures. Despite their name, they are technically aerial yellowjackets, not true hornets.

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Top-down view of a black and yellow mud dauber wasp with wings spread showing distinctive markings

Black and Yellow Mud Daubers

Sceliphron caementarium

The black and yellow mud dauber is a solitary wasp that builds tube-shaped mud nests on homes. Learn how to identify and manage these common wasps.

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Blue mud dauber wasp with metallic blue body perched on a green leaf

Blue Mud Daubers

Chalybion californicum

Blue mud daubers are metallic blue solitary wasps known for hunting black widow spiders. These non-aggressive wasps reuse abandoned mud nests and help control spider populations around homes.

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Braconid wasp specimen showing characteristic body shape with slender abdomen and long ovipositor

Braconid Wasps

Braconidae (Family)

Braconid wasps are small parasitic insects that target caterpillars and aphids. Learn to identify these harmless wasps and understand their behavior around your home and garden.

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Top-down view of an Eastern cicada killer wasp showing distinctive black and yellow banded abdomen and amber wings

Cicada Killers

Sphecius speciosus

Large solitary wasps that dig burrows in lawns and hunt cicadas. Despite their intimidating size, cicada killers are not aggressive toward humans.

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Top-down view of a common yellowjacket showing distinctive black and yellow banding pattern with clear wings

Common Yellowjackets

Vespula alascensis

A widespread native yellowjacket found throughout North America, known for aggressive nest defense and scavenging behavior around human food and outdoor gatherings.

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Top-down view of a cow killer velvet ant showing distinctive red and black coloring

Cow Killers

Dasymutilla occidentalis

Cow killers, also known as red velvet ants, are actually wingless female wasps famous for their extremely painful sting. Despite their alarming name, they pose minimal threat to humans and do not cause property damage.

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Side view of a great golden digger wasp on a leaf showing distinctive orange legs and black-tipped abdomen

Digger Wasps

Sphex spp.

Large solitary wasps that dig burrows in sandy soil and hunt grasshoppers and crickets. Despite their size, digger wasps are not aggressive toward humans.

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Top-down view of an eastern yellowjacket showing distinctive black and yellow striped abdomen pattern on a sandy surface

Eastern Yellowjackets

Vespula maculifrons

The most common yellowjacket species in eastern North America, known for building underground nests and aggressively defending their colonies.

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European hornet resting on a gray surface showing its distinctive brown and yellow coloring

European Hornets

Vespa crabro

European hornets are large, social wasps that build paper nests in hollow trees, wall voids, and attics. As the only true hornet established in North America, they are notable for their nocturnal activity and can deliver painful stings when their nest is threatened.

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Top-down view of a European paper wasp showing its distinctive yellow and black markings with orange antennae

European Paper Wasps

Polistes dominula

The European paper wasp is an invasive social wasp species now widespread across North America. Distinguished by its bright orange antennae, it builds umbrella-shaped nests on buildings and structures.

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Four-toothed mason wasp showing black body with distinctive white abdominal band while foraging on yellow goldenrod flowers

Four-Toothed Mason Wasps

Monobia quadridens

Four-toothed mason wasps are solitary wasps that nest in pre-existing cavities like old carpenter bee holes. These non-aggressive wasps prey on caterpillars and are beneficial to gardens.

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Top-down view of a German yellowjacket specimen showing distinctive black and yellow banding pattern with diamond-shaped markings

German Yellowjackets

Vespula germanica

An invasive, aggressive yellowjacket species that commonly nests in wall voids and structures, known for bold scavenging behavior around food and outdoor gatherings.

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Grass carrier wasp on wooden surface showing characteristic slender black body and thread-waisted shape

Grass Carrier Wasps

Isodontia spp.

Grass carrier wasps are solitary wasps named for their habit of carrying long blades of grass to line their nests. These non-aggressive insects prey on crickets and katydids.

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Close-up side view of a great black wasp showing iridescent blue-black wings and body

Great Black Wasps

Sphex pensylvanicus

The great black wasp is a large, solitary digger wasp with iridescent blue-black coloring. Despite its intimidating size, this wasp is not aggressive toward humans and rarely stings.

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Great golden digger wasp on pink milkweed flowers showing distinctive golden thorax and orange legs

Great Golden Digger Wasps

Sphex ichneumoneus

Large solitary wasps with golden hairs and orange legs that dig burrows in sandy soil. These wasps are docile and rarely sting humans.

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Eastern cicada killer wasp on white flowers showing distinctive black and yellow banding

Ground Nesting Wasps

Various species (Sphecidae, Crabronidae, Vespidae)

Ground nesting wasps dig burrows in soil to raise their young. Most species are solitary, but some, like yellowjackets, can be aggressive. Learn to identify different ground-nesting wasps and when treatment is needed.

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Top-down view of a guinea wasp showing distinctive brown and yellow banded pattern

Guinea Wasps

Polistes exclamans

Guinea wasps are common paper wasps found throughout the southern and eastern United States. They build small, open-comb nests near human structures and can sting when their nest is disturbed.

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Top-down view of giant ichneumon wasp on concrete showing extended ovipositor and wing structure

Ichneumon Wasps

Ichneumonidae (Family)

Ichneumon wasps are parasitic insects with long, needle-like ovipositors often mistaken for stingers. Learn to identify these wasps and manage their presence around your home.

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Side view of a Four-toothed Mason Wasp showing distinctive black body with white markings

Mason Wasps

Subfamily Eumeninae

Mason wasps are solitary wasps that build small mud nests in crevices, holes, and mortar joints. They hunt caterpillars and rarely sting humans.

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Top-down view of a black and yellow mud dauber wasp with wings spread

Mud Daubers

Sceliphron, Chalybion, and Trypoxylon spp.

Mud daubers are solitary wasps that build distinctive tube-shaped nests from mud. These non-aggressive wasps prey on spiders and other insects around homes.

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Northern giant hornet showing distinctive yellow-orange head and banded abdomen on gray surface

Northern Giant Hornets

Vespa mandarinia

The northern giant hornet is the world's largest hornet. Queens can grow up to 2 inches long. This invasive pest from East Asia has been found in the Pacific Northwest and threatens honeybee colonies.

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Northern paper wasp showing its dark reddish-brown coloring and yellow banding

Northern Paper Wasps

Polistes fuscatus

Northern paper wasps are social insects that build distinctive umbrella-shaped nests from chewed wood fibers. They are common across eastern North America and often nest near human structures.

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Organ pipe mud dauber wasp on a wet leaf showing its glossy black body

Organ Pipe Mud Daubers

Trypoxylon politum

Organ pipe mud daubers are solitary wasps that build cylindrical mud tubes resembling organ pipes. These wasps prey on spiders and rarely sting humans.

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Pacific cicada killer wasp perched on green foliage showing distinctive black and yellow banded abdomen and amber wings

Pacific Cicada Killers

Sphecius convallis

Large solitary wasps native to the Pacific coast that dig burrows in sandy soil and hunt cicadas. Despite their intimidating size, Pacific cicada killers are docile and rarely sting.

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Paper wasp showing its slender body and distinctive long legs

Paper Wasps

Polistes spp.

Paper wasps are social insects that build distinctive umbrella-shaped nests from chewed wood fibers. They become a nuisance and sting risk when nesting near human activity.

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Top-down view of an ichneumonid parasitic wasp showing slender body and long antennae

Parasitic Wasps

Ichneumonidae and Braconidae (Families)

Parasitic wasps are helpful insects that control pest populations naturally. These tiny wasps lay eggs inside or on pest insects, providing natural pest control without stinging humans.

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Top-down view of a potter wasp showing black and yellow banding pattern

Potter Wasps

Eumenes spp. (Subfamily Eumeninae)

Potter wasps are solitary wasps named for the small, pot-shaped mud nests they construct. These insects prey on caterpillars and rarely sting humans.

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Top-down view of a prairie yellowjacket showing distinctive black and yellow banding pattern on a green leaf

Prairie Yellowjackets

Vespula atropilosa

A ground-nesting yellowjacket found in prairies and grasslands of western and midwestern North America, known for hunting live prey rather than scavenging.

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Red paper wasp showing distinctive rust-red coloring and slender body

Red Paper Wasps

Polistes carolina and Polistes rubiginosus

Red paper wasps are social stinging insects with distinctive rust-red coloring. They build open, umbrella-shaped nests in sheltered locations and can become a concern when nesting near homes.

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Top-down view of an American sand wasp on sandy ground showing distinctive black and white banded abdomen

Sand Wasps

Bembix americana and Ammophila spp.

Sand wasps are solitary ground-nesting wasps that dig burrows in sandy soil to raise their young. They often hover near people while catching flies, which can be alarming, but they rarely sting unless handled.

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Top-down view of a black and yellow mud dauber wasp with wings spread showing thread-like waist

Solitary Wasps

Sphecidae and Crabronidae families

Solitary wasps are non-aggressive hunting wasps that live alone rather than in colonies. Despite their size, these beneficial insects rarely sting and help control pest insect populations.

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Top-down view of a southern yellowjacket showing distinctive black and orange-yellow coloring on a dirt surface

Southern Yellowjackets

Vespula squamosa

A large, aggressive yellowjacket species known for building massive underground colonies that can persist year-round in warm climates.

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Side view of a black spider wasp with wings spread showing anatomical features

Spider Wasps

Pompilidae

Spider wasps are solitary wasps that hunt and paralyze spiders to feed their larvae. These large, long-legged wasps are found throughout North America and deliver one of the most painful insect stings.

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Great golden digger wasp with orange and black coloring on pink milkweed flowers

Thread-Waisted Wasps

Sphecidae (Family)

Thread-waisted wasps are solitary insects named for the extremely thin waist connecting their thorax and abdomen. These non-aggressive wasps hunt caterpillars, grasshoppers, and spiders to feed their young.

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Top-down view of a western cicada killer wasp showing distinctive amber-orange body with yellow abdominal bands

Western Cicada Killers

Sphecius grandis

Large solitary wasps of the western United States and Mexico that dig burrows in dry, sandy soil and hunt cicadas. Despite their imposing size, western cicada killers are docile and rarely sting.

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Top-down view of a western yellowjacket on concrete showing distinctive black and yellow banding pattern and yellow eye rings

Western Yellowjackets

Vespula pensylvanica

An aggressive stinging insect native to western North America, known for its persistent foraging behavior and large underground colonies.

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Side view of a yellow-legged hornet showing its dark body and characteristic yellow legs

Yellow-Legged Hornets

Vespa velutina

The yellow-legged hornet is an invasive species from Southeast Asia that poses a serious threat to honey bees and native pollinators. First detected in the United States in 2023, this predatory hornet is under active eradication efforts by federal and state agencies.

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A yellowjacket wasp on a white fabric surface showing distinctive black and yellow striped body, wings, and antennae

Yellowjackets

Vespula spp.

Aggressive stinging insects that build large colonies and are highly defensive of their nests.

View identification guide

Common Questions about Wasps

How dangerous are wasps?

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Wasp stings are painful and can be deadly for people with allergies. Unlike bees, wasps can sting many times. Disturbing a nest can lead to a group attack. Some wasps release a scent that calls other wasps to join in.

What's the difference between wasps and hornets?

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Hornets are a type of wasp. True hornets are larger and have more black coloring. In the US, the bald-faced hornet is technically a yellowjacket despite its name. European hornets are the only true hornets in North America.

Should I remove wasp nests myself?

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DIY nest removal can be risky, especially for large nests or yellowjackets that nest in the ground. You may get stung many times. We can remove the full colony and reduce the chance of stings.

When are wasps most aggressive?

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Wasps become more aggressive in late summer and fall. This is when colonies are largest and food sources decline. They are also more defensive during hot weather and when their nest is disturbed.

Will wasps return to the same spot?

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Wasps typically do not reuse old nests. However, they may build new nests in the same spot. After removal, we can treat the area to discourage rebuilding.

What attracts wasps to my property?

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Food sources like outdoor trash, ripe fruit, sugary drinks, and protein attract wasps. They also seek sheltered spots for nesting. Common spots include eaves, wall voids, and underground burrows.

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George Schulz
About the Author
George Schulz

With five years of hands-on experience in the pest control industry, George Schulz is a registered technician with the Virginia Pest Management Association and a proud third-generation professional in a family business that's been protecting homes for over 57 years.

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